The EU ’s other big concession was cutting its own tariffs on American cars and other industrial goods to zero, as well as giving some farm and fishery products better access to the European market. The liberalisation affects about a quarter of America’s exports to the EU, including cars and footwear; the rest already enter tariff-free.

The U.S.-EU trade agreement imposes 15 percent tariffs on most European imports, avoiding the 30 percent levies that President Trump had threatened. Critics argue the deal disproportionately favors