Bitcoin, the pioneering cryptocurrency that has captured global attention, conceals a multifaceted framework called the Bitcoin Protocol Stack beneath its digital facade. In this enlightening article, ...

What is a network protocol? Most textbook writers state something like this: A network protocol is a set of guidelines or standards for the operation of network devices, the methods of operation, and ...

Layering protocols are modeled using layering structures that mirror the protocol layers. There are significant challenges in modelling verification components for layering protocols such as (1) reuse ...

When your mcp client talks to a server—maybe a retail bot checking inventory levels—they usually do a "handshake" to agree on a secret key. If you use ML-KEM, that handshake stays safe even if a ...

In the past few newsletters, we described in considerable detail the mechanisms that are in place in TCP to ensure efficient transport of information. In particular, we concentrated on the ability of ...

As the Fat Protocol thesis posits, value in blockchains would mostly accumulate at the base protocol layer rather than the application layer. For a while, this seemed to be true. While borderless DeFi ...

In the natural world, species that share the same ecosystem often compete for resources, resulting in the extinction of weaker competitors. A new computer model that describes the evolution of the ...

In today's edition: Starknet, Space and Time, Morph, Neo, Gaia, EigenLayer, Metis. HONG KONG – Chainlink on Wednesday unveiled Chainlink Runtime Environment (CRE), designed for developers to create ...

Commerceblock has released a new atomic swap protocol for use with statechains on their Mercury Layer protocol. The HSM server has introduced functionality to support atomically swapping two ...

Feb. 14: Sommelier, a DeFi platform offering yield-generating vaults, is expanding to Ethereum layer 2s via Axelar's cross-chain messaging. According to the team: "This allows accessing new ...