1993). There are a number of other well-described examples where keystone species act as determinate predators. Sea otters (i) regulate sea urchin populations, which in turn feed upon kelp and ...

The results of Paine’s experiment, published in the American Naturalist in 1966, showed that a single species can have an outsize influence on an ecological community. When Paine shared his ...

The otter-urchin-kelp interaction is an example of a trophic cascade. In this system, the otter (keystone species) increases the abundance of kelp (foundation species) by consuming urchins ...