The keen practitioner can gain helpful information simply by assessing pupillary responses. The pupils will offer substantial insight into one’s ocular health and the state of the visual pathways ...

During cataract surgery, inadequate pupil dilation increases the risk of complications. A new small-pupil syndrome has recently been described in the ophthalmologic literature, and early reports ...

The pupillary reflex is a dynamic adjustment of the iris that regulates retinal illumination in response to changes in ambient light. This process relies on an afferent limb, whereby photoreceptors in ...

Card sort on pupil reflex / iris reflex (both bright and dim light, including circular and radial muscles, pupil dilation, constriction, and recap of reflex arc). Great as starter / plenary or ...