The stability of the iron atom's nucleus has made it one of the most abundant heavy elements in the universe. When excited, ...

Light interacting with hydrogen atoms enclosed in hollow cages composed of carbon atoms produces ionization. This phenomenon is particularly interesting because the light rays can have dramatic ...

In 2009 researchers found an "ionization surprise" that defied explanation. Until that time, it had been commonly thought that the ionization of atoms by strong laser fields was well-understood, but ...

Researchers have for the first time measured the first ionization energy of lawrencium, the last of the actinides, validating predictions of the element’s electronic structure (Nature 2015, DOI: ...

To break free from an atom, the negatively charged electron typically has to absorb a high-energy photon, such as that from the ultraviolet (UV) or x-ray spectrum. The electron then gets excited ...

Ionization Smoke alarms are effective when it comes to flaming fires, fires that are caused by ignition of flammable liquids, wood, paper, or open flames that ignite other items. First, ionization ...